in recent years, technological advancements have accelerated the transformation of healthcare, particularly in the realm of pharmacometrics—the science of quantifying drug interactions within biological systems. Among the most groundbreaking innovations are nanobiosensors, nanotechnology, Augmented reality (AR), and artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies have the potential to revolutionize therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) , leading to a Virtualized PKPD Era, where pharmacokinetics experts (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) are not only modeled mathematically but also visualized and adjusted in real time.
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